Civil Procedure

2579 cases · January 2017 to July 2026

Overview

Civil Procedure appears in 2579 reported Malaysia judgments (2017–2026).

In this practice area

Civil Procedure is the busiest area of the Malaysian corpus, and the judgments collected here are less about substantive rights than about how a claim is brought, tested and moved through the courts. The recurring questions are procedural in character: whether a matter should proceed by writ or by originating summons, whether pleadings should be struck out under Order 18 rule 19 of the Rules of Court 2012 (the Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah 2012), whether summary judgment under Order 14 is appropriate, and whether an appeal has been filed within the time the rules prescribe.

A large part of the collection concerns the timetable of litigation. Judgments turn on the meaning of mandatory-sounding words such as hendaklah ("shall") in the rules, on whether a late filing is fatal or curable, and on the discretion of the court to extend time even after a period has expired. Others examine the reach of the appellate function — the difference in approach between the High Court, the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court when reviewing findings of fact made by a trial judge, and the settled rule that an appellate court will not disturb such findings unless they are plainly wrong.

The cases sit predominantly in the High Court, with a smaller stream reaching the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court, where the review jurisdiction under Rule 137 of the Rules of the Federal Court 1995 and the inherent power to avoid a miscarriage of justice are examined. Because procedure cuts across every subject, the reader will find civil-procedure reasoning attached to contract disputes, land actions and judicial-review challenges alike. The area is a useful map of how the Malaysian courts manage the mechanics of a case — service, discovery, striking out, extension of time and the limits of appellate intervention — rather than a catalogue of outcomes on the merits.

Case Volume by Year

5
17
6
18
12
19
7
20
17
21
21
22
49
23
387
24
1417
25
656
26
2017–2026

Key Issues & Sub-Topics

Order 14A and Order 33 r 2 ROC 2012 — Preliminary determination in five forestry and land concession disputes — Alleged unlawful termination by State authority — Whether questions of law suitable for summary disposal where contractual performance, statutory compliance under s 20 National Forestry Act 1984, plantation progress and alleged breaches were disputed — Applications dismissed. 5 Assessment of damages — Assessment following liability judgment after full trial — Liability conclusively determined — Assessment confined to quantification of damages arising from established liability. 4 Stay of proceedings — Winding-up petitions — Pending appeal — Pending buy-out order — Whether appeal operates as stay — Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s 73 3 Representative action — Multiple purchasers — Joinder of claims — Monetary jurisdiction of Sessions Court — Section 65(1)(b) Subordinate Courts Act 1948 — Whether jurisdiction determined by aggregate sum or individual claims — Distinction between composite award and discrete awards 3 Whether the Plaintiff has proven the claim for goods and services supplied to the Defendant — Whether the Defendants are liable for the guarantees — Whether the Defendants in counterclaim have conspired jointly to defraud the Plaintiff 3 Clarification proceedings — Scope of clarification — Clarification of legal basis of aggravated and exemplary damages — Distinction between clarification and appeal — Challenge to correctness of the assessment judgment properly a matter for the appellate process. 2 Summary judgment — Order 14 Rules of Court 2012 — Certificate of Indebtedness — Conclusive evidence clause — Whether manifest error shown — Effect of successive statements of account — Settlement Agreement — Novation — Whether settlement agreement extinguished original debt or preserved right to sue upon default. 2 Striking out — Order 18 rule 19 Rules of Court 2012 — Counterclaim — Reasonable cause of action — Abuse of process — Jurisdiction of Sessions Court to grant declaratory relief — Harmonization of sections 65(5)(b) and 69(g) of the Subordinate Courts Act 1948 — Pleading requirements for general, aggravated, and exemplary damages. 2 Summary judgment — Order 14 Rules of Court 2012 — Banking institution’s claim for outstanding banking facilities — Letter of Offer and Personal Guarantee — Certificate of Indebtedness (“COI”) — Conclusive evidence clause — Burden of proof shifts to defendants once procedural requirements satisfied — Defendants raised alleged non-reflection of payments, interest miscalculation, and premature recall — Defendants failed to demonstrate manifest error or provide documentary evidence — Bare denials and speculative assertions — No bona fide triable issues raised — Summary judgment allowed. 2 Res judicata — Issue estoppel — Prior striking out of local authority on ground tree located on federal land — Whether JKR and government estopped from arguing local authority was responsible — Effect of final judicial determination on same issue 2 Parties— Proper parties to be sued — Whether proper to sue sole proprietor in his own name and to add below the name within brackets the name of the firm — Whether respondent was properly named at the adjudication proceedings — Whether action can be taken against a body that has no legal status — Whether the Adjudicator is clothed with the jurisdiction — Whether adjudication proceedings valid 2 Banking and Finance — Islamic banking — Summary judgment — Recovery of outstanding sums under Murabahah term financing, Cashline-i and Tradeline-i facilities — Whether genuine triable issues raised — Defence based on non-receipt of demand letter — Whether the claim is premature — Whether proceedings must first be taken against the principal borrower before recourse to the guarantors — Guarantee and Indemnity — Whether certificate of indebtedness conclusive — Whether service of certificate upon defendants a precondition –Whether defendants have proven manifest error — Principal liability clause — Indemnity clause — Rules of Court 2012, Order 14 rr 1, & 3. 2 Appeal — Appeal against summary judgment — Appeal against striking out of counterclaim — Applicable appellate standard — Whether re-hearing or review of discretion — Whether genuine triable issue raised — Distinction between limbs under O 18 r 19(1) Rules of Court 2012 — Sub-paragraph (a) confined to defects on the face of pleadings — Prohibition on affidavit evidence under O 18 r 19(2) for sub-paragraph (a) — Scope of sub-paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) — Whether counterclaim for fraud and misrepresentation properly struck out under sub-paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) — Lack of material particulars — Whether counterclaim obviously unsustainable — Rules of Court 2012, O.14 r.1 & r.3, & O.8 r.19. 2 Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s 67 — Rules of the Court of Appeal 1994, Rules 5(1), 5(3) and 5(4) — procedural law — striking out of notice of appeal — preliminary objection — filing of single notice of appeal for more than one decision — whether decisions were clearly and concisely identified 2 Order 53 Rules of Court 2012 — Leave stage — Ex parte application — Attorney General appearing for statutory respondents — Stay application to be heard inter partes — Costs in the cause. 1 Originating Summons — Ex parte proceedings — Certificate of Urgency — Interim preservation of subject matter of litigation — Pending writ action — Pending judicial management proceedings — Preservation of efficacy of pending proceedings. 1 Preliminary issue — Whether facts admitted or genuinely undisputed — Requirement for agreed factual substratum — Whether action suitable for summary disposal. 1 Order 33 — Mixed questions of fact and law — Genuine dispute of material fact — Necessity for oral evidence — Appropriateness of full trial. 1 Preliminary determination — Whether court may grant final relief on counterclaim through Order 33 procedure. 1 Judgments in default — Alleged merger of indebtedness — Relevance to preliminary issue application. 1 + 487 more

Summary judgment — Order 14 Rules of Court 2012 — Certificate of Indebtedness — Conclusive evidence clause — Whether manifest error shown — Effect of successive statements of account — Settlement Agreement — Novation — Whether settlement agreement extinguished original debt or preserved right to sue upon default. 2 cases

Striking out — Order 18 rule 19 Rules of Court 2012 — Counterclaim — Reasonable cause of action — Abuse of process — Jurisdiction of Sessions Court to grant declaratory relief — Harmonization of sections 65(5)(b) and 69(g) of the Subordinate Courts Act 1948 — Pleading requirements for general, aggravated, and exemplary damages. 2 cases

Summary judgment — Order 14 Rules of Court 2012 — Banking institution’s claim for outstanding banking facilities — Letter of Offer and Personal Guarantee — Certificate of Indebtedness (“COI”) — Conclusive evidence clause — Burden of proof shifts to defendants once procedural requirements satisfied — Defendants raised alleged non-reflection of payments, interest miscalculation, and premature recall — Defendants failed to demonstrate manifest error or provide documentary evidence — Bare denials and speculative assertions — No bona fide triable issues raised — Summary judgment allowed. 2 cases

Banking and Finance — Islamic banking — Summary judgment — Recovery of outstanding sums under Murabahah term financing, Cashline-i and Tradeline-i facilities — Whether genuine triable issues raised — Defence based on non-receipt of demand letter — Whether the claim is premature — Whether proceedings must first be taken against the principal borrower before recourse to the guarantors — Guarantee and Indemnity — Whether certificate of indebtedness conclusive — Whether service of certificate upon defendants a precondition –Whether defendants have proven manifest error — Principal liability clause — Indemnity clause — Rules of Court 2012, Order 14 rr 1, & 3. 2 cases

Appeal — Appeal against summary judgment — Appeal against striking out of counterclaim — Applicable appellate standard — Whether re-hearing or review of discretion — Whether genuine triable issue raised — Distinction between limbs under O 18 r 19(1) Rules of Court 2012 — Sub-paragraph (a) confined to defects on the face of pleadings — Prohibition on affidavit evidence under O 18 r 19(2) for sub-paragraph (a) — Scope of sub-paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) — Whether counterclaim for fraud and misrepresentation properly struck out under sub-paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) — Lack of material particulars — Whether counterclaim obviously unsustainable — Rules of Court 2012, O.14 r.1 & r.3, & O.8 r.19. 2 cases

Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s 67 — Rules of the Court of Appeal 1994, Rules 5(1), 5(3) and 5(4) — procedural law — striking out of notice of appeal — preliminary objection — filing of single notice of appeal for more than one decision — whether decisions were clearly and concisely identified 2 cases

Order 53 Rules of Court 2012 — Leave stage — Ex parte application — Attorney General appearing for statutory respondents — Stay application to be heard inter partes — Costs in the cause. 1 case

Originating Summons — Ex parte proceedings — Certificate of Urgency — Interim preservation of subject matter of litigation — Pending writ action — Pending judicial management proceedings — Preservation of efficacy of pending proceedings. 1 case

Preliminary issue — Whether facts admitted or genuinely undisputed — Requirement for agreed factual substratum — Whether action suitable for summary disposal. 1 case

Order 33 — Mixed questions of fact and law — Genuine dispute of material fact — Necessity for oral evidence — Appropriateness of full trial. 1 case

Preliminary determination — Whether court may grant final relief on counterclaim through Order 33 procedure. 1 case

Judgments in default — Alleged merger of indebtedness — Relevance to preliminary issue application. 1 case

Registrar empowered to execute transfer documents — Sale of matrimonial properties — Liberty to apply. 1 case

Consolidation of actions — Joint trial — Order 4 rule 1 Rules of Court 2012 — Common questions of fact and law — Same transaction or series of transactions — Discretion of Court — Distinction between consolidation and trial together — Preservation of separate identity of actions — Different parties and different capacities — Avoidance of inconsistent findings — Case management. 1 case

Originating Summons — Writ action — Whether proceedings suitable for determination on affidavit evidence — Final relief — Requirement for oral evidence and cross-examination. 1 case

Conversion of proceedings — Pleadings — Affidavits to stand as pleadings — Consequential directions. 1 case

Originating Summons — Ex parte application — Declaratory relief — Appointment of committee of estate — Jurisdiction — Statutory preconditions. 1 case

Leave to continue proceedings — Action commenced prior to bankruptcy — Supervening bankruptcy during pendency of action — Whether proceedings may continue to judgment. 1 case

Jurisdiction — Proper forum — Malaysian proceedings involving foreign bankrupts — Whether leave should be sought in Malaysia or Singapore — Court seized of action as proper forum. 1 case

Judgment in default — Corporate guarantor — Judgment already entered against co-defendant — Relevance to continuation of proceedings against individual guarantors. 1 case

Restoration of proceedings — Interlocutory applications adjourned due to bankruptcy — Leave granted to continue action — Directions restoring pending applications for hearing. 1 case

Key Statutes

Rules of Court 2012
cited in 778 cases
cited in 205 cases
cited in 155 cases
cited in 129 cases
cited in 112 cases
cited in 97 cases
Federal Constitution
cited in 97 cases
Limitation Act 1953
cited in 73 cases
cited in 60 cases
cited in 51 cases
Penal Code (Cap 574)
cited in 34 cases
cited in 29 cases
cited in 27 cases
Civil Law Act 1956
cited in 24 cases
cited in 24 cases

Court Distribution

Key People & Firms

How many Civil Procedure cases are reported in Malaysia courts?

2579 reported Malaysia judgments (2017–2026) involve Civil Procedure.

What kinds of questions does the Civil Procedure area cover?

It covers the mechanics of litigation rather than the merits: the correct mode of commencement (writ or originating summons), striking out under Order 18 rule 19 of the Rules of Court 2012, summary judgment under Order 14, discovery, service, and the time limits for filing appeals. Many judgments interpret mandatory-sounding words such as hendaklah ("shall") and ask whether non-compliance is fatal or can be cured.

How do the courts treat a late or irregular filing?

The judgments repeatedly weigh whether a breach of a time rule renders a step a nullity or merely an irregularity that the court may regularise. The tension is between finality and the discretion under Order 3 rule 5 to extend time even after it has expired, with the courts asking whether any prejudice to the other side can be met by an award of costs rather than by shutting out the claim.

Which courts decide these cases?

The great majority are decided in the High Court, with a further group reaching the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court. At Federal Court level the collection includes the review jurisdiction under Rule 137 of the Rules of the Federal Court 1995 and the inherent power of the court to correct a miscarriage of justice.

Cases

Page 1 of 104
da-21ncvc-10-07-2025
1. ) WAN ABDUL RAHMAN BIN WAN YAACOB 2. ) RUHANI BINTI HUSSAIN v 1. ) MAT YAMAN BIN HASSAN 2. ) AWIS KIRANI BIN ABDULLAH 3. ) RAJA ROZMI BIN RAJA RASHID 4. ) ABDUL ROZAK BIN MUHAMMAD 5. ) MOHD NOR YHAZID BIN IDRIS 6. ) MOHD FAZLEY BIN AB RAHMAN 7. ) Ketua Polis Negara 8. ) Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) 9. ) MENTERI DALAM NEGERI MALAYSIA 10. ) KERAJAAN PERSEKUTUAN MALAYSIA
13 July 2026
MYHC
ma-24f-35-07-2026
SEE CHEE HAO v TAN HUI JUN
13 July 2026
MYHC
da-22ncvc-18-03-2020
IB Builder Sdn Bhd v 1. ) Tetuan Teo & Chew 2. ) Ung Eng Huat 3. ) Misi Armada Sdn Bhd 4. ) Salleh bin Idris 5. ) Nurul Asmat binti Che Ayub
11 July 2026
MYHC
ma-24ncvc-403-09-2025
TANG GUAN GIM v 1. ) Pejabat Daerah dan Tanah 2. ) Pejabat Tanah dan Galian Negeri
9 July 2026
MYHC
ma-33-21-04-2026
CHOONG KEK FOH
9 July 2026
MYHC
ma-12bncvc-1-02-2026
LIM KEEM KOK & SONS REALTY SDN. BHD. v TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD
8 July 2026
MYHC
ma-25-11-04-2026
YUEN CHEN FAI v 1. ) TRIBUNAL PENGURUSAN STRATA 2. ) PERBADANAN PENGURUSAN HATTEN SQUARE LOT 1348
8 July 2026
MYHC
ma-25-13-04-2026
MUHAMMAD SUHAIZAN BIN SULONG v Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)
8 July 2026
MYHC
ma-22ncvc-9-04-2025
NORASHFAH HANIM BINTI YA'AKOP YAHAYA ALHAJ v MDSA VENTURES SDN. BHD.
5 July 2026
MYHC
ma-24ncvc-221-06-2026
KHOO JET SENG
5 July 2026
MYHC
ma-24ncvc-225-07-2026
PLENTIFIELD MARKETING SDN. BHD. v TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD
5 July 2026
MYHC
ma-21ncvc-5-10-2024
SYNTAX VALLEY PARKING (M) SDN BHD v Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah (MBMB)
2 July 2026
MYHC
ma-23ncvc-3-06-2026
1. ) XXXX 2. ) NAJLI BIN YAKOB 3. ) ARBAE'YAH BINTI ZAKARIYA v 1. ) DR. MYELONE THARMASEELAN 2. ) HOSPITAL MELAKA 3. ) Kerajaan Malaysia
2 July 2026
MYHC
ma-24ncvc-107-04-2026
LEONG CHUAN TRADING (M) SDN. BHD. v NG KWEE SIM (Berniaga atas nama dan gaya NKS Jaya Trading (No Pendaftaran Perniagaan. 200403057601/MA0078482-U)
2 July 2026
MYHC
ma-33-73-07-2024
TAY HWEE LAN v 1. ) EE KIM SEONG 2. ) NG WEI JI
2 July 2026
MYHC
ma-22ncc-25-11-2025
1. ) AMIRELY BIN DAUD 2. ) SYNTAX VALLEY PARKING (M) SDN BHD v 1. ) ZULKIFLI BIN OSMAN 2. ) SYAHRUL HAFIZ BIN MD HASHIM 3. ) ABD KADIR BIN MD IDRIS 4. ) MOHD FAIRUZ IZWAN BIN JAMIL
1 July 2026
MYHC
ma-28ncc-25-05-2026
TEO WEI KIAN v ON TOUR (M) SDN. BHD
1 July 2026
MYHC
ma-24ncvc-375-09-2025
MOHD HUSZAD BIN MOHAMED ALI v 1. ) ABU BAKAR BIN AHMAD 2. ) ISMAIL BIN JOHAN
30 June 2026
MYHC
ma-24ncvc-473-11-2025
JAMALUDIN BIN PAIMIN v 1. ) ASMAH BINTI MOHAMED 2. ) KAMAH BINTI TEKAK 3. ) MARYATUL KIPTHIAH BINTI IDRIS 4. ) MASKINAH BINTI H.SEKAK 5. ) MD YUSOFF BIN MUSTAMIL 6. ) SUKANI BINTI HJ. SEKAK 7. ) Pentadbir Tanah Daerah Jasin
30 June 2026
MYHC
ma-24ncvc-509-12-2025
KU SIOK YUH v KU SENG RUEY
30 June 2026
MYHC
aa-12b-38-10-2024
PACIFIC & ORIENT INSURANCE CO. BERHAD v 1. ) AMEERUDDIN ARULNATHAN BIN ABDULLAH 2. ) VIJAYAKUMAR A/L GNANAMANI
29 June 2026
MYHC
ma-24ncvc-171-05-2026
NURIANA BINTI ABDULLAH
29 June 2026
MYHC
ta-41lb-10-09-2025
Pendakwa Raya v RULAM AKBAL BIN ABD MANAN
29 June 2026
MYHC
ma-24fc-37-03-2025
AFFIN BANK BERHAD v GAINVEST BUILDERS (M) SDN. BHD.
25 June 2026
MYHC
ja-12b-83-12-2025
1. ) GAN TENG HUI 2. ) LT HAIR & BEAUTY SDN BHD v 1. ) YONG LEE YOONG SEBAGAI IBU YANG SAH DAN PENANGGUNGAN KEPADA GIGGS TAN KA QING SIMATI UNTUK DIRI SENDIRI 2. ) YONG LEE YOONG SEBAGAI WAKIL DIRI DAN/ATAU PENTADBIR KEPADA HARTA PUSAKA GIGGS TAN KA QING SIMATI DI BAWAH SEKSYEN 8 AKTA UNDANG-UNDANG (PINDAAN) SIBIL, 1984 3. ) ONG CHUN WEI SEBAGAI BAPA YANG SAH DAN PENANGGUNGAN KEPADA ONG WAN LING SIMATI UNTUK DIRI SENDIRI 4. ) OOI CHIOK PENG SEBAGAI IBU YANG SAH DAN PENANGGUNGAN KEPADA ONG WAN...
24 June 2026
MYHC