Contract
60 cases · May 2017 to February 2026
Case Volume by Year
1 17
2 18
3 19
2 21
47 25
5 26
2017–2026
Key Issues & Sub-Topics
Illegality — Moneylending transaction — Sale and purchase agreements alleged to be sham — Whether agreements intended to disguise loan transaction — Whether contravened Moneylenders Act 1951 — Unlicensed moneylending — Effect of illegality — Whether agreements enforceable — Moneylenders Act 1951, ss 2, 5, 10OA, 15, 17A Contract — Illegality — Moneylending transaction — Sale and purchase agreements declared unenforceable — Effect on third-party claims — Whether plaintiff had beneficial interest in property — Moneylenders Act 1951, s 15 Contract — Privity of contract — Plaintiff not a party to sale and purchase agreement — Whether plaintiff entitled to assert rights against subsequent purchaser Contract — Sham agreements — Test — Intention of parties — Circumstantial evidence — Whether sale and purchase agreements were façade to camouflage illegal moneylending — Whether court entitled to lift veil and examine substance of transaction Appeal — Powers of appellate court — Failure of trial judge to address pleaded issue — Whether appellate court may determine issue not decided by trial court — Whether omission constitutes appealable error Equity — Beneficial interest — Whether illegal and void transaction capable of conferring equitable or beneficial rights Evidence — Presumption — Moneylenders Act 1951 — Presumption of moneylending — Burden of proof — Failure to rebut statutory presumption — Effect 2 offer and acceptance — counter offer Sale of land — whether acceptance by the purchaser is conditional Whether the inclusion of additional terms in the acceptance amounted to a counter offer Whether there is a valid contract 2 Guarantee — Guarantee Service Provider scheme under Kafalah contract — Concurrent rights of bank against customer and guarantee service provider — Corporate Guarantee’s right of subrogation and right of recourse — Whether bank entitled to recover from either or both — Whether defendant ultimately liable — Contracts Act 1950, s.77, s.78, s.79, & s.81. 2 Guarantee — Liability of guarantor — Guarantors claimed that they did not allegedly agree to guarantee the performance of the First Defendant’s obligation to pay any sums outstanding but had only promised that the First Defendant will comply with the terms of the agreement — Whether the Guarantors are discharge of their obligations — Letter of comfort 2 Service contract — Safety obligations — failure to comply with with employer’s regulations — Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 — Non-delegable duty of contractor 1 Mandate letter — Success fees — Discrete and severable obligations — Whether single composite transaction — Construction of commercial agreements — Acknowledgment of indebtedness in contractual recital — Legal effect of express admission — Whether debtor entitled to reopen underlying merits after express acknowledgment 1 Loan agreement — Forbearance — Conversion of outstanding fees into loan — Whether repayment obligation independent and enforceable — Whether conditional upon completion or success of IPO — Effect of affirmation and election 1 Illegality — Capital Markets and Services Act 2007 s 58 — Contracts Act 1950 s 24 — Alleged unlicensed corporate finance advisory services — Whether sufficient nexus between statutory prohibition and contract sued upon — Whether repayment agreement tainted by antecedent illegality — Fully executed transaction 1 Performance — Alleged non-performance contradicted by contemporaneous documents and partial payment — Whether bare denial sufficient to resist summary judgment — Whether detrimental advice relevant to enforceability of admitted debt 1 Wrongful termination — Illegality not pleaded — Ex facie vs non-ex facie illegality — Order 18 r 8 ROC 2012 1 Joint venture — Joint venture agreement — Frustration — Contracts Act 1950 s 57(2) — Whether contract frustrated — Whether frustration self-induced — Risk allocation — Evidence — Expert evidence — Evidence Act 1950 s 45 — Adverse inference — Evidence Act 1950 s 114(g) 1 Islamic financing — Qardhul Hasan facility — Termination of facility — Condition precedent to enforcement — Requirement of termination notice before entire sum becomes due and payable — Failure to terminate in earlier action — Whether subsequent termination crystallised debt 1 Breach — Failure to make instalment payments — Default admitted — Whether plaintiff entitled to recover full outstanding sum after valid termination 1 Tenancy agreement — Construction and renovation obligations — Allocation of responsibility — Rent-free period — Obligation on tenant to carry out works and obtain approvals — Certificate of completion and compliance — Whether landlord in breach 1 Breach — Share sale agreement — Agreement terminated pursuant to Defendant’s breach — Plaintiffs sought consequential remedies following the termination — Reciprocal promise — No CDS account provided — Whether Plaintiff had prevented Defendant from performing reciprocal promise — Whether act constitutes Plaintiff's failure to perform its reciprocal promise — Whether providing CDS account is a substantive obligation — s.52 and 53 of the Contracts Act 1950 1 Construction of Testamentary Instrument — Modern approach to construction — Ascertaining intention of testator from ordinary meaning of words — Giving effect to all provisions of Will — No implication of terms where language is clear — Kalwant Singh a/l Ujagar Singh v Jaswant Kaur a/p Ujagar Singh applied 1 Sale and Purchase Agreement — Delay in delivery of vacant possession — Claim for liquidated ascertained damages — Developer attributing delay to water supply system completion — Whether discovery against third party necessary to determine liability 1 Sale and Purchase Agreement — Dispute over ownership of property — Consent judgment — Subsequent sale by vendor to third party — Plaintiff seeking declaration of ownership and damages — Whether plaintiff's claim against second defendant sufficiently strong to refuse security 1 Musharakah agreement — Nature and proof of claim — Plaintiff suing for breach — Whether claim proven on balance of probabilities — Plaintiff founding case on agreement — Obligation to abide by all material terms — Loss-sharing as defining characteristic of musharakah — Plaintiff claiming fixed returns without accounting for venture losses — Failure to discharge legal burden of proof — Claim dismissed. 1 Prematurity of action — Settlement and extension of time — Binding variation — Acceleration clause — Whether action maintainable when filed before extended due date — Plaintiff invoking general acceleration clause for “any breach” — Clause 2.7 of extension letter — Whether triggered by mere non-payment before maturity date — Principle that acceleration clause requires breach of substantive obligation — No breach of covenant alleged prior to suit — Action held premature and struck out. 1
+ 44 more
Illegality — Moneylending transaction — Sale and purchase agreements alleged to be sham — Whether agreements intended to disguise loan transaction — Whether contravened Moneylenders Act 1951 — Unlicensed moneylending — Effect of illegality — Whether agreements enforceable — Moneylenders Act 1951, ss 2, 5, 10OA, 15, 17A Contract — Illegality — Moneylending transaction — Sale and purchase agreements declared unenforceable — Effect on third-party claims — Whether plaintiff had beneficial interest in property — Moneylenders Act 1951, s 15 Contract — Privity of contract — Plaintiff not a party to sale and purchase agreement — Whether plaintiff entitled to assert rights against subsequent purchaser Contract — Sham agreements — Test — Intention of parties — Circumstantial evidence — Whether sale and purchase agreements were façade to camouflage illegal moneylending — Whether court entitled to lift veil and examine substance of transaction Appeal — Powers of appellate court — Failure of trial judge to address pleaded issue — Whether appellate court may determine issue not decided by trial court — Whether omission constitutes appealable error Equity — Beneficial interest — Whether illegal and void transaction capable of conferring equitable or beneficial rights Evidence — Presumption — Moneylenders Act 1951 — Presumption of moneylending — Burden of proof — Failure to rebut statutory presumption — Effect 2 cases
offer and acceptance — counter offer Sale of land — whether acceptance by the purchaser is conditional Whether the inclusion of additional terms in the acceptance amounted to a counter offer Whether there is a valid contract 2 cases
aa-22ncvc-74-10-2020 CAHAYA WIBAWA SDN.BHD v DEWAN PERNIAGAAN INDIA PERAK (Perak Indian Chamber of Commerce) dan diwakili oleh Majlis atau pemegang-pemegang yang bernama 1.RAVISANKAR A/L BALASUBRAMANIAM Pengurusi 2.HAJI SULTAN ABDUL KHADER A/L SHAIK MOHAMED-Timbalan Pengerusi 3. ASOKAN A/L YATHIRAJU-Setiausaha 4.SARAVANABAWAN MATHIALAGAN-Penolong Setiausaha 5.MUNIAMMAL A/P SUPPIAH CHETTIAR-Bendahari 6.GANESAN A/L SUBRAMANIAM-Ahli J/kuasa 7.MANIMARAN A/L EKAMPARAM -Ahli J/Kuasa 8.YEGAMBARAM AM SUPPIAH PILLAY-Ahli ...
22 September 2025
aa-24ncvc-118-03-2022 SULTAN ABDUL KHADER A/L SHAIK MOHAMED (SEBAGAI TIMBALAN PENGERUSI DEWAN PERNIAGAAN INDIA PERAK DAHULUNYA DIKENALI SEBAGAI PERAK INDIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE) v CAHAYA WIBAWA SDN. BHD.
22 September 2025
Guarantee — Guarantee Service Provider scheme under Kafalah contract — Concurrent rights of bank against customer and guarantee service provider — Corporate Guarantee’s right of subrogation and right of recourse — Whether bank entitled to recover from either or both — Whether defendant ultimately liable — Contracts Act 1950, s.77, s.78, s.79, & s.81. 2 cases
Guarantee — Liability of guarantor — Guarantors claimed that they did not allegedly agree to guarantee the performance of the First Defendant’s obligation to pay any sums outstanding but had only promised that the First Defendant will comply with the terms of the agreement — Whether the Guarantors are discharge of their obligations — Letter of comfort 2 cases
Service contract — Safety obligations — failure to comply with with employer’s regulations — Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 — Non-delegable duty of contractor 1 case
Mandate letter — Success fees — Discrete and severable obligations — Whether single composite transaction — Construction of commercial agreements — Acknowledgment of indebtedness in contractual recital — Legal effect of express admission — Whether debtor entitled to reopen underlying merits after express acknowledgment 1 case
Loan agreement — Forbearance — Conversion of outstanding fees into loan — Whether repayment obligation independent and enforceable — Whether conditional upon completion or success of IPO — Effect of affirmation and election 1 case
Illegality — Capital Markets and Services Act 2007 s 58 — Contracts Act 1950 s 24 — Alleged unlicensed corporate finance advisory services — Whether sufficient nexus between statutory prohibition and contract sued upon — Whether repayment agreement tainted by antecedent illegality — Fully executed transaction 1 case
Performance — Alleged non-performance contradicted by contemporaneous documents and partial payment — Whether bare denial sufficient to resist summary judgment — Whether detrimental advice relevant to enforceability of admitted debt 1 case
Wrongful termination — Illegality not pleaded — Ex facie vs non-ex facie illegality — Order 18 r 8 ROC 2012 1 case
Joint venture — Joint venture agreement — Frustration — Contracts Act 1950 s 57(2) — Whether contract frustrated — Whether frustration self-induced — Risk allocation — Evidence — Expert evidence — Evidence Act 1950 s 45 — Adverse inference — Evidence Act 1950 s 114(g) 1 case
Islamic financing — Qardhul Hasan facility — Termination of facility — Condition precedent to enforcement — Requirement of termination notice before entire sum becomes due and payable — Failure to terminate in earlier action — Whether subsequent termination crystallised debt 1 case
Breach — Failure to make instalment payments — Default admitted — Whether plaintiff entitled to recover full outstanding sum after valid termination 1 case
Tenancy agreement — Construction and renovation obligations — Allocation of responsibility — Rent-free period — Obligation on tenant to carry out works and obtain approvals — Certificate of completion and compliance — Whether landlord in breach 1 case
Construction of Testamentary Instrument — Modern approach to construction — Ascertaining intention of testator from ordinary meaning of words — Giving effect to all provisions of Will — No implication of terms where language is clear — Kalwant Singh a/l Ujagar Singh v Jaswant Kaur a/p Ujagar Singh applied 1 case
Sale and Purchase Agreement — Delay in delivery of vacant possession — Claim for liquidated ascertained damages — Developer attributing delay to water supply system completion — Whether discovery against third party necessary to determine liability 1 case
Sale and Purchase Agreement — Dispute over ownership of property — Consent judgment — Subsequent sale by vendor to third party — Plaintiff seeking declaration of ownership and damages — Whether plaintiff's claim against second defendant sufficiently strong to refuse security 1 case
Musharakah agreement — Nature and proof of claim — Plaintiff suing for breach — Whether claim proven on balance of probabilities — Plaintiff founding case on agreement — Obligation to abide by all material terms — Loss-sharing as defining characteristic of musharakah — Plaintiff claiming fixed returns without accounting for venture losses — Failure to discharge legal burden of proof — Claim dismissed. 1 case
Prematurity of action — Settlement and extension of time — Binding variation — Acceleration clause — Whether action maintainable when filed before extended due date — Plaintiff invoking general acceleration clause for “any breach” — Clause 2.7 of extension letter — Whether triggered by mere non-payment before maturity date — Principle that acceleration clause requires breach of substantive obligation — No breach of covenant alleged prior to suit — Action held premature and struck out. 1 case
Privity of contract — Novation — Appellant’s original contract with DBKL novated to concessionaire, Alam Flora Sdn Bhd — No direct contractual relationship between Appellant and Government Respondents — "No privity" clause in Concession Agreement — Appellant a "stranger" to the agreement — Claim against Government unsustainable. 1 case
Pre-incorporation contract — Letter of confirmation for rent executed before company’s incorporation — Whether contract made on behalf of company — Whether subsequent conduct amounted to ratification — Absence of privity — Whether novation required — Companies Act 2016, s 65(1) and (2) 1 case
Assignment of property by way of gift — Plaintiff alleged he is the rightful owner — Defendant alleged her signature was forged — Whether there was forgery — No expert called to testify — Comparison of signatures — Evaluation on direct and circumstantial evidence 1 case
the intentions of the parties are to be gathered from the language used in the agreement — unless the Defendant can prove on the balance of probabilities that she did not receive the money, the court is entitled to make an inference from the wordings in the SPA that the purchase price was fully paid by the Deceased on the date the SPA was signed. 1 case
Interpretation of Agreements— Core Business Agreement (CBA) — Arbitration clause in CBA (Clause 20) — Ad-hoc Quotation — Whether Quotation was a standalone contract — Whether Quotation superseded CBA — Incorporation of arbitration clause 1 case
Tenancy agreement — Interpretation of clauses relating to repair and indemnity — Whether contractual terms impose liability on landlord for tenant’s acts 1 case
Account stated — Acknowledgment of debt — Settlement agreements — Post-dated cheques — Partial payments — Whether admission of liability 1 case
Deed of settlement — Validity — Allegation of mistake or misrepresentation — Whether deed null and void — Whether party induced to enter deed — Specific Relief Act 1950, section 27(b) — Whether legal justification to avoid liability — Silence upon default — Conduct inconsistent with repudiation — Whether binding agreement Legal Profession — Advocate and solicitor — Drafting of deed of settlement — Professional obligations — Whether conduct amounts to abuse of process — Whether legal practitioner may plead ignorance of legal effect — Estoppel by conduct Evidence — Pleadings — Bare allegations — Absence of particulars — No supporting evidence — Whether sufficient to sustain counterclaim — Summary judgment granted — Whether Sessions Court erred 1 case
Key Statutes
Evidence Act 1950 (Cap 56)
cited in 4 cases Contracts Act 1950 (Cap 136)
cited in 3 cases Rules of Court 2012
cited in 3 cases Moneylenders Act 1951
cited in 2 cases Moneylenders
Act 1951
cited in 2 cases Moneylending Act 1951
cited in 2 cases Courts of Judicature Act 1964 (Cap 91)
cited in 1 case
cited in 1 case
Civil Law Act 1956
cited in 1 case
cited in 1 case
cited in 1 case
Contracts Act
1950
cited in 1 case Government Proceedings Act 1956
cited in 1 case Contracts
Act 1950
cited in 1 case Contract Act 1950
cited in 1 case Court Distribution
Key People & Firms
Top Judges
Top Firms
Cases
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